> Summary: `json_array_elements(json)` is a PostgreSQL set-returning function that unpacks a JSON array into one row per element, returning each element as a JSON value rather than plain text. Use it to JOIN, filter, or aggregate across array elements stored in a JSON column inside the database, avoiding the cost of shipping full JSON payloads to application code for processing. For binary jsonb columns, `jsonb_array_elements` gives better performance; use `json_array_elements_text` when plain-text output is needed instead of JSON values.

# Postgres json\_array\_elements() function

Expand a JSON array into a set of rows

You can use `json_array_elements` function to expand a `JSON` array into a set of rows, each containing one element of the array. It is a simpler option compared to complex looping logic. It is also more efficient than executing the same operation on the application side by reducing data transfer and processing overhead.

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## Function signature

```sql
json_array_elements(json)
```

## `json_array_elements` example

Suppose you have a `developers` table with information about developers:

**developers**

```sql
CREATE TABLE developers (
 id INT PRIMARY KEY,
 name TEXT,
 skills JSON
);

INSERT INTO developers (id, name, skills) VALUES
 (1, 'Alice', '["Java", "Python", "SQL"]'),
 (2, 'Bob', '["C++", "JavaScript"]'),
 (3, 'Charlie', '["HTML", "CSS", "React"]');
```

```text
| id |  name   |          skills
|----|---------|---------------------------
| 1  | Alice   | ["Java", "Python", "SQL"]
| 2  | Bob     | ["C++", "JavaScript"]
| 3  | Charlie | ["HTML", "CSS", "React"]
```

Now, let's say you want to extract a row for each skill from the skills `JSON` array. You can use `json_array_elements` to do that:

```sql
SELECT id, name, skill
FROM developers,
    json_array_elements(skills) AS skill;
```

This query returns the following result:

```text
| id |  name   |    skill     |
|----|---------|--------------|
| 1  | Alice   | "Java"       |
| 1  | Alice   | "Python"     |
| 1  | Alice   | "SQL"        |
| 2  | Bob     | "C++"        |
| 2  | Bob     | "JavaScript" |
| 3  | Charlie | "HTML"       |
| 3  | Charlie | "CSS"        |
| 3  | Charlie | "React"      |
```

## Advanced examples

This section shows advanced `json_array_elements` examples.

### `json_array_elements` with nested data

Let's consider a scenario where we have a `products` table storing information about products. The table schema and data are provided below.

**products**

```sql
CREATE TABLE products (
 id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
 name TEXT,
 details JSON
);

INSERT INTO products (id, name, details) VALUES
 (1, 'T-Shirt', '{"sizes": ["S", "M", "L", "XL"], "colors": ["Red", "Blue", "Green"]}'),
 (2, 'Hoodie', '{"sizes": ["XS", "S", "M", "L", "XL"], "colors": ["Black", "Gray"]}'),
 (3, 'Dress', '{"sizes": ["S", "M", "L"], "colors": ["Pink", "Purple", "Black"]}'),
 (4, 'Jeans', '{"sizes": ["28", "30", "32", "34"], "colors": ["Blue", "Black"]}'),
 (5, 'Jacket', '{"sizes": ["S", "M", "L", "XL"], "colors": ["Black", "Brown", "Navy"]}');
```

```text
| id |  name   |                                details                                 |
|----|---------|------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| 1  | T-Shirt | {"sizes": ["S", "M", "L", "XL"], "colors": ["Red", "Blue", "Green"]}   |
| 2  | Hoodie  | {"sizes": ["XS", "S", "M", "L", "XL"], "colors": ["Black", "Gray"]}    |
| 3  | Dress   | {"sizes": ["S", "M", "L"], "colors": ["Pink", "Purple", "Black"]}      |
| 4  | Jeans   | {"sizes": ["28", "30", "32", "34"], "colors": ["Blue", "Black"]}       |
| 5  | Jacket  | {"sizes": ["S", "M", "L", "XL"], "colors": ["Black", "Brown", "Navy"]} |
```

The `json_array_elements` function can be used to get all the combinations of size and color for a specific product. For example:

```sql
SELECT
 id,
 name,
 size,
 color
FROM products AS p,
 json_array_elements(p.details -> 'sizes') AS size,
 json_array_elements(p.details -> 'colors') AS color
WHERE name = 'T-Shirt';
```

This query returns the following values:

```text
| id |  name   | size | color  |
|----|---------|------|--------|
| 1  | T-Shirt | "S"  | "Red"  |
| 1  | T-Shirt | "S"  | "Blue" |
| 1  | T-Shirt | "S"  | "Green"|
| 1  | T-Shirt | "M"  | "Red"  |
| 1  | T-Shirt | "M"  | "Blue" |
| 1  | T-Shirt | "M"  | "Green"|
| 1  | T-Shirt | "L"  | "Red"  |
| 1  | T-Shirt | "L"  | "Blue" |
| 1  | T-Shirt | "L"  | "Green"|
| 1  | T-Shirt | "XL" | "Red"  |
| 1  | T-Shirt | "XL" | "Blue" |
| 1  | T-Shirt | "XL" | "Green"|
```

## Filtering `json_array_elements`

You can use the `json_array_elements` function to extract the sizes from the `JSON` data and then filter the products based on a specific color (or size), as in this example:

```sql
SELECT *
FROM products
WHERE 'Blue' IN (
    SELECT json_array_elements_text(details->'colors')
);
```

This query returns the following values:

```text
| id |   name   |                               details                                |
|----|----------|----------------------------------------------------------------------|
|  1 | T-Shirt  | {"sizes": ["S", "M", "L", "XL"], "colors": ["Red", "Blue", "Green"]} |
|  4 | Jeans    | {"sizes": ["28", "30", "32", "34"], "colors": ["Blue", "Black"]}     |
```

## Handling `NULL` in `json_array_elements`

This example updates the table to insert another product (`Socks`) with one of the values in the `sizes` as `null`:

**products**

```sql
INSERT INTO products (id, name, details) VALUES (6, 'Socks', '{"sizes": ["S", null, "L", "XL"], "colors": ["White", "Black", "Gray"]}');
```

```text
| id |  name   |                                 details                                 |
|----|---------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|  6 | Socks   | {"sizes": ["S", null, "L", "XL"], "colors": ["White", "Black", "Gray"]} |
```

Querying for `Socks` shows how `null` values in an array are handled:

```sql
SELECT
 id,
 name,
 size
FROM products AS p,
 json_array_elements(p.details -> 'sizes') AS size
WHERE name = 'Socks';
```

This query returns the following values:

```text
| id | name  | size |
|----|-------|------|
|  6 | Socks | "S"  |
|  6 | Socks | null |
|  6 | Socks | "L"  |
|  6 | Socks | "XL" |
```

### Nested arrays in `json_array_elements`

You can also handle nested arrays with `json_array_elements`.

Consider a scenario where each product has multiple variants, and each variant has an array of sizes and an array of colors. This example uses an `elecronics_products` table, shown below.

**electronics\_products**

```sql
CREATE TABLE electronics_products (
 id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
 name TEXT,
 details JSON
);

INSERT INTO electronics_products (id, name, details) VALUES
 (1, 'Laptop', '{"variants": [{"model": "A", "sizes": ["13 inch", "15 inch"], "colors": ["Silver", "Black"]}, {"model": "B", "sizes": ["15 inch", "17 inch"], "colors": ["Gray", "White"]}]}'),
 (2, 'Smartphone', '{"variants": [{"model": "X", "sizes": ["5.5 inch", "6 inch"], "colors": ["Black", "Gold"]}, {"model": "Y", "sizes": ["6.2 inch", "6.7 inch"], "colors": ["Blue", "Red"]}]}');
```

```text
| id |    name    |                                                                                   details                                                                                    |
|----|------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|  1 | Laptop     | {"variants": [{"model": "A", "sizes": ["13 inch", "15 inch"], "colors": ["Silver", "Black"]}, {"model": "B", "sizes": ["15 inch", "17 inch"], "colors": ["Gray", "White"]}]} |
|  2 | Smartphone | {"variants": [{"model": "X", "sizes": ["5.5 inch", "6 inch"], "colors": ["Black", "Gold"]}, {"model": "Y", "sizes": ["6.2 inch", "6.7 inch"], "colors": ["Blue", "Red"]}]}   |
```

To handle the nested arrays and extract information about each variant, you can use the `json_array_elements` function like this:

```sql
SELECT
 id,
 name,
 variant->>'model' AS model,
 size,
 color
FROM
 electronics_products,
  json_array_elements(details->'variants') AS variant,
  json_array_elements_text(variant->'sizes') AS t1(size),
  json_array_elements_text(variant->'colors') AS t2(color);
```

This query returns the following values:

```text
| id |    name    | model |   size   | color  |
|----|------------|-------|----------|--------|
|  1 | Laptop     | A     | 13 inch  | Silver |
|  1 | Laptop     | A     | 13 inch  | Black  |
|  1 | Laptop     | A     | 15 inch  | Silver |
|  1 | Laptop     | A     | 15 inch  | Black  |
|  1 | Laptop     | B     | 15 inch  | Gray   |
|  1 | Laptop     | B     | 15 inch  | White  |
|  1 | Laptop     | B     | 17 inch  | Gray   |
|  1 | Laptop     | B     | 17 inch  | White  |
|  2 | Smartphone | X     | 5.5 inch | Black  |
|  2 | Smartphone | X     | 5.5 inch | Gold   |
|  2 | Smartphone | X     | 6 inch   | Black  |
|  2 | Smartphone | X     | 6 inch   | Gold   |
|  2 | Smartphone | Y     | 6.2 inch | Blue   |
|  2 | Smartphone | Y     | 6.2 inch | Red    |
|  2 | Smartphone | Y     | 6.7 inch | Blue   |
|  2 | Smartphone | Y     | 6.7 inch | Red    |
```

## Additional considerations

This section outlines additional considerations including alternative functions and `JSON` array order.

### Alternates to `json_array_elements`

- `jsonb_array_elements` - Consider this variant for performance benefits with `jsonb` data. `jsonb_array_elements` only accepts `jsonb` data, while `json_array_elements` works with both `json` and `jsonb`. It is typically faster, especially for larger arrays, due to its optimization for the binary `jsonb` format.
- `json_array_elements_text` - While `json_array_elements` returns each extracted element as a `JSON` value, `json_array_elements_text` returns each extracted element as a plain text _string_.

### Ordering `json_array_elements` output using `WITH ORDINALITY`

If the order of the elements is important, consider using the `WITH ORDINALITY` option:

```sql
SELECT
   id,
   name,
   skill,
   ordinality
FROM
   developers,
   json_array_elements(skills) WITH ORDINALITY AS t(skill, ordinality);
```

This query returns the following values:

```text
| id |  name   |    skill     | ordinality |
|----|---------|--------------|------------|
|  1 | Alice   | "Java"       |          1 |
|  1 | Alice   | "Python"     |          2 |
|  1 | Alice   | "SQL"        |          3 |
|  2 | Bob     | "C++"        |          1 |
|  2 | Bob     | "JavaScript" |          2 |
|  3 | Charlie | "HTML"       |          1 |
|  3 | Charlie | "CSS"        |          2 |
|  3 | Charlie | "React"      |          3 |
```

The `WITH ORDINALITY` option in the query adds an `ordinality` column representing the original order of the skills in the array.

## Resources

- [PostgreSQL documentation: JSON Functions and Operators](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/functions-json.html)
- [PostgreSQL documentation: JSON Types](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/datatype-json.html)

***

## Related docs (JSON functions)

- [array\_to\_json](/guides/postgres-functions-array-to-json)
- [json](/guides/postgres-functions-json)
- [json\_agg](/guides/postgres-functions-json-agg)
- [json\_build\_object](/guides/postgres-functions-json-build-object)
- [json\_each](/guides/postgres-functions-json-each)
- [json\_exists](/guides/postgres-functions-json-exists)
- [json\_extract\_path](/guides/postgres-functions-json-extract-path)
- [json\_extract\_path\_text](/guides/postgres-functions-json-extract-path-text)
- [json\_object](/guides/postgres-functions-json-object)
- [json\_populate\_record](/guides/postgres-functions-json-populate-record)
- [json\_query](/guides/postgres-functions-json-query)
- [json\_scalar](/guides/postgres-functions-json-scalar)
- [json\_serialize](/guides/postgres-functions-json-serialize)
- [json\_table](/guides/postgres-functions-json-table)
- [json\_to\_record](/guides/postgres-functions-json-to-record)
- [json\_value](/guides/postgres-functions-json-value)
- [jsonb\_array\_elements](/guides/postgres-functions-jsonb-array-elements)
- [jsonb\_each](/guides/postgres-functions-jsonb-each)
- [jsonb\_extract\_path](/guides/postgres-functions-jsonb-extract-path)
- [jsonb\_extract\_path\_text](/guides/postgres-functions-jsonb-extract-path-text)
- [jsonb\_object](/guides/postgres-functions-jsonb-object)
- [jsonb\_populate\_record](/guides/postgres-functions-jsonb-populate-record)
- [jsonb\_to\_record](/guides/postgres-functions-jsonb-to-record)

***

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## Related pages

- [Postgres json() Function](./postgres-functions-json.md)
- [Postgres json_agg() function](./postgres-functions-json-agg.md)
- [Postgres jsonbuildobject() function](./postgres-functions-json-build-object.md)
- [Postgres json_each() function](./postgres-functions-json-each.md)
- [Postgres JSON_EXISTS() Function](./postgres-functions-json-exists.md)
- [Postgres jsonextractpath() function](./postgres-functions-json-extract-path.md)
- [Postgres jsonextractpath_text() Function](./postgres-functions-json-extract-path-text.md)
- [Postgres json_object() function](./postgres-functions-json-object.md)
- [Postgres jsonpopulaterecord() function](./postgres-functions-json-populate-record.md)
- [Postgres JSON_QUERY() Function](./postgres-functions-json-query.md)

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