Connect a Rust application to Lakebase Postgres

Summary: Connecting a Rust application to Lakebase Postgres using either the synchronous postgres crate or the async tokio-postgres crate with the Tokio runtime. Both options require SSL/TLS via postgres-openssl. Use this page when you need working Rust code for each CRUD operation, including when to use execute, batch_execute, or query for each SQL pattern.

Connect a Rust application to Lakebase Postgres

Learn how to run SQL queries from Rust using the postgres or tokio-postgres crates

Pre-built prompt for connecting Rust applications to Lakebase Postgres View prompt

This guide describes how to create a project on Neon and connect to it from a Rust application using two popular Postgres drivers: rust-postgres, a synchronous driver, and tokio-postgres, an asynchronous driver for use with the Tokio runtime.

Prerequisites

A Neon account. If you do not have one, see Sign up.
The Rust toolchain. If you do not have it installed, install it from the official Rust website.

Create a Neon project

If you do not have one already, create a Neon project.

Navigate to the Projects page in the Neon Console.
Click New Project.
Specify your project settings and click Create Project.

Your project is created with a ready-to-use database named neondb. In the following steps, you will connect to this database from your Rust application.

Create a Rust project

For your Rust project, use cargo to create a new project and add the required library dependencies (called "crates").

Create a project directory and change into it.
Bash
```
cargo new neon-rust-quickstart
cd neon-rust-quickstart
```
This command creates a new directory named neon-rust-quickstart containing a src/main.rs file for your code and a Cargo.toml file for your project's configuration and dependencies.

Open the directory in your preferred code editor (for example, VS Code, RustRover, etc.) to edit the files.
Add the required crates using cargo add. Choose the set of commands for either a synchronous or asynchronous setup.

postgres (sync)
Bash
```
cargo add postgres postgres-openssl openssl dotenvy
```
tokio-postgres (async)
Bash
```
cargo add tokio --features "tokio/full" tokio-postgres postgres-openssl openssl dotenvy
```
Note: What are features?

The --features flag tells Cargo to enable optional functionality within a crate. Many crates are designed to be modular, and features allow you to include only the code you actually need. In this case, you are enabling the full Tokio runtime, which includes all components necessary for asynchronous programming.

You can learn more about features in The Cargo Book: Features.

Neon requires a secure SSL/TLS connection. In the commands above, the postgres-openssl crate provides the necessary OpenSSL bindings that both the synchronous postgres and asynchronous tokio-postgres drivers use to enable TLS.
Configure multiple executables.

You will create separate Rust scripts for each of the CRUD operations (Create, Read, Update, Delete). Each script will be a separate binary target in your project (create_table.rs, read_data.rs, update_data.rs, and delete_data.rs).

To manage separate CRUD examples (create_table, read_data, etc.), you need to tell Cargo that your project has multiple binary targets.

Open your Cargo.toml file and add the following [[bin]] sections to the end of it:
Cargo.toml
```
[[bin]]
name = "create_table"
path = "src/create_table.rs"

[[bin]]
name = "read_data"
path = "src/read_data.rs"

[[bin]]
name = "update_data"
path = "src/update_data.rs"

[[bin]]
name = "delete_data"
path = "src/delete_data.rs"
```
You can now safely delete the default src/main.rs file. Since you have defined specific binary targets (like create_table) in Cargo.toml, Cargo no longer needs the default main.rs entry point.
Bash
```
rm src/main.rs
```

Store your Neon connection string

Create a file named .env in your project's root directory. This file will securely store your database connection string.

In the Neon Console, select your project on the Dashboard.
Click Connect in the Console nav to open the Connect to your branch modal.
Copy the connection string, which includes your password.
Add the connection string to your .env file as shown below.
text
```
DATABASE_URL="postgresql://[user]:[password]@[neon_hostname]/[dbname]?sslmode=require&channel_binding=require"
```
Replace [user], [password], [neon_hostname], and [dbname] with your actual database credentials.

Choosing the right method to execute SQL commands

Before diving into the code examples, it's important to understand how to interact with your Neon database using Rust. The postgres and tokio-postgres crates provide several methods for executing SQL commands. Choosing the right method depends on your use case:

client.execute: Use this for a single DML/DDL statement (INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE) or a fire-and-forget query. It supports parameter placeholders ($1, $2, etc.) and returns the number of rows affected (u64).
client.batch_execute:
Ideal for running multiple SQL commands in one shot (schema migrations, DDL, seed data). Supply a semicolon-separated SQL string. This method does not support parameters and returns () on success.
client.query:
The go-to for any SELECT that returns rows. It accepts placeholders and returns a Vec<Row>, so you can iterate over rows and extract typed values.

Quick comparison

Method	Use case	Parameters	Returns
`client.execute`	Single DML/DDL or ad-hoc query	Yes	`u64` (rows affected)
`client.batch_execute`	Multiple statements in one SQL blob (DDL, migrations, seed data)	No	`()`
`client.query`	Fetching rows from a `SELECT`	Yes	`Vec<Row>`

Now that you know how to connect to your Neon database and the available methods for executing SQL commands, let's look at some examples of how you can perform basic CRUD operations. You will use all three methods (execute, batch_execute, and query) in the examples to demonstrate their usage.

Examples

This section provides example Rust scripts that demonstrate how to connect to your Neon database and perform basic operations such as creating a table, reading data, updating data, and deleting data.

Create a table and insert data

In your project's src directory, create a file named create_table.rs and add the code for your preferred driver. This script connects to your Neon database, creates a table named books, and inserts some sample data into it.

postgres (sync)

src/create_table.rs

use dotenvy::dotenv;
use postgres::Client;
use openssl::ssl::{SslConnector, SslMethod};
use postgres_openssl::MakeTlsConnector;
use std::env;

fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {

    // Load environment variables from .env file
    dotenv()?;
    let conn_string = env::var("DATABASE_URL")?;

    let builder = SslConnector::builder(SslMethod::tls())?;
    let connector = MakeTlsConnector::new(builder.build());

    let mut client = Client::connect(&conn_string, connector)?;
    println!("Connection established");

    client.batch_execute("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS books;")?;
    println!("Finished dropping table (if it existed).");

    client.batch_execute(
        "CREATE TABLE books (
            id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
            title VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
            author VARCHAR(255),
            publication_year INT,
            in_stock BOOLEAN DEFAULT TRUE
        );"
    )?;
    println!("Finished creating table.");

    // Insert a single book record
    client.execute(
        "INSERT INTO books (title, author, publication_year, in_stock) VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4)",
        &[&"The Catcher in the Rye", &"J.D. Salinger", &1951, &true],
    )?;
    println!("Inserted a single book.");

    // Start a transaction
    let mut transaction = client.transaction()?;
    println!("Starting transaction to insert multiple books...");

    // Data to be inserted
    let books_to_insert = [
        ("The Hobbit", "J.R.R. Tolkien", 1937, true),
        ("1984", "George Orwell", 1949, true),
        ("Dune", "Frank Herbert", 1965, false),
    ];

    // Loop and insert within the transaction
    for book in &books_to_insert {
        transaction.execute(
            "INSERT INTO books (title, author, publication_year, in_stock) VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4)",
            &[&book.0, &book.1, &book.2, &book.3],
        )?;
    }

    // Commit the transaction
    transaction.commit()?;
    println!("Inserted 3 rows of data.");

    Ok(())
}

tokio-postgres (async)

src/create_table.rs

use tokio_postgres;
use dotenvy::dotenv;
use openssl::ssl::{SslConnector, SslMethod};
use postgres_openssl::MakeTlsConnector;
use std::env;

#[tokio::main]
async fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {

    // Load environment variables from .env file
    dotenv()?;
    let conn_string = env::var("DATABASE_URL")?;

    let builder = SslConnector::builder(SslMethod::tls())?;
    let connector = MakeTlsConnector::new(builder.build());

    let (mut client, connection) = tokio_postgres::connect(&conn_string, connector).await?;
    println!("Connection established");

    tokio::spawn(async move {
        if let Err(e) = connection.await {
            eprintln!("connection error: {}", e);
        }
    });

    client.batch_execute("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS books;").await?;
    println!("Finished dropping table (if it existed).");

    client.batch_execute(
        "CREATE TABLE books (
            id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
            title VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
            author VARCHAR(255),
            publication_year INT,
            in_stock BOOLEAN DEFAULT TRUE
        );"
    ).await?;
    println!("Finished creating table.");

    // Insert a single book record
    client.execute(
        "INSERT INTO books (title, author, publication_year, in_stock) VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4)",
        &[&"The Catcher in the Rye", &"J.D. Salinger", &1951, &true],
    ).await?;
    println!("Inserted a single book.");

    // Start a transaction
    let transaction = client.transaction().await?;
    println!("Starting transaction to insert multiple books...");

    // Data to be inserted
    let books_to_insert = [
        ("The Hobbit", "J.R.R. Tolkien", 1937, true),
        ("1984", "George Orwell", 1949, true),
        ("Dune", "Frank Herbert", 1965, false),
    ];

    // Loop and insert within the transaction
    for book in &books_to_insert {
        transaction.execute(
            "INSERT INTO books (title, author, publication_year, in_stock) VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4)",
            &[&book.0, &book.1, &book.2, &book.3],
        ).await?;
    }

    // Commit the transaction
    transaction.commit().await?;
    println!("Inserted 3 rows of data.");

    Ok(())
}

The above code does the following:

Load the connection string from the .env file.
Connect to the Neon database using a secure TLS connection.
Drop the books table if it already exists to ensure a clean slate.
Create a new table named books with columns for id, title, author, publication_year, and in_stock.
Insert a single book record.
Start a transaction to insert multiple book records in a single operation.

Info: Why use a transaction for inserting multiple rows?

Unlike database drivers in some other languages that offer a single high-level method for bulk inserts (like Python's executemany in psycopg2), the idiomatic Rust approach is to loop through the data inside a transaction.

This guarantees atomicity: all rows are inserted successfully, or none are inserted if an error occurs.

Run the script using the following command:

Bash

cargo run --bin create_table

When the code runs successfully, it produces the following output:

Output

Connection established
Finished dropping table (if it existed).
Finished creating table.
Inserted a single book.
Starting transaction to insert multiple books...
Inserted 3 rows of data.

Read data

In your src directory, create a file named read_data.rs. This script connects to your database and retrieves all rows from the books table.

postgres (sync)

src/read_data.rs

use dotenvy::dotenv;
use postgres::Client;
use openssl::ssl::{SslConnector, SslMethod};
use postgres_openssl::MakeTlsConnector;
use std::env;

fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
    dotenv()?;
    let conn_string = env::var("DATABASE_URL")?;

    let builder = SslConnector::builder(SslMethod::tls())?;
    let connector = MakeTlsConnector::new(builder.build());

    let mut client = Client::connect(&conn_string, connector)?;
    println!("Connection established");

    // Fetch all rows from the books table
    let rows = client.query("SELECT * FROM books ORDER BY publication_year;", &[])?;

    println!("\n--- Book Library ---");
    for row in rows {
        let id: i32 = row.get("id");
        let title: &str = row.get("title");
        let author: &str = row.get("author");
        let year: i32 = row.get("publication_year");
        let in_stock: bool = row.get("in_stock");
        println!("ID: {}, Title: {}, Author: {}, Year: {}, In Stock: {}", id, title, author, year, in_stock);
    }
    println!("--------------------\n");

    Ok(())
}

tokio-postgres (async)

src/read_data.rs

use tokio_postgres;
use dotenvy::dotenv;
use openssl::ssl::{SslConnector, SslMethod};
use postgres_openssl::MakeTlsConnector;
use std::env;

#[tokio::main]
async fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
    dotenv()?;
    let conn_string = env::var("DATABASE_URL")?;

    let builder = SslConnector::builder(SslMethod::tls())?;
    let connector = MakeTlsConnector::new(builder.build());

    let (client, connection) = tokio_postgres::connect(&conn_string, connector).await?;
    println!("Connection established");

    tokio::spawn(async move {
        if let Err(e) = connection.await {
            eprintln!("connection error: {}", e);
        }
    });

    // Fetch all rows from the books table
    let rows = client.query("SELECT * FROM books ORDER BY publication_year;", &[]).await?;

    println!("\n--- Book Library ---");
    for row in rows {
        let id: i32 = row.get("id");
        let title: &str = row.get("title");
        let author: &str = row.get("author");
        let year: i32 = row.get("publication_year");
        let in_stock: bool = row.get("in_stock");
        println!("ID: {}, Title: {}, Author: {}, Year: {}, In Stock: {}", id, title, author, year, in_stock);
    }
    println!("--------------------\n");

    Ok(())
}

The above code does the following:

Load the connection string from the .env file.
Connect to the Neon database using a secure TLS connection.
Use a client.query method to fetch all rows from the books table, ordered by publication_year.
Print each book's details in a formatted output.

Run the script using the following command:

Bash

cargo run --bin read_data

When the code runs successfully, it produces the following output:

Output

Connection established

--- Book Library ---
ID: 2, Title: The Hobbit, Author: J.R.R. Tolkien, Year: 1937, In Stock: true
ID: 3, Title: 1984, Author: George Orwell, Year: 1949, In Stock: true
ID: 1, Title: The Catcher in the Rye, Author: J.D. Salinger, Year: 1951, In Stock: true
ID: 4, Title: Dune, Author: Frank Herbert, Year: 1965, In Stock: false
--------------------

Update data

In your src directory, create a file named update_data.rs. This script updates the stock status of the book 'Dune' to true.

postgres (sync)

src/update_data.rs

use dotenvy::dotenv;
use postgres::Client;
use openssl::ssl::{SslConnector, SslMethod};
use postgres_openssl::MakeTlsConnector;
use std::env;

fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
    dotenv()?;
    let conn_string = env::var("DATABASE_URL")?;

    let builder = SslConnector::builder(SslMethod::tls())?;
    let connector = MakeTlsConnector::new(builder.build());

    let mut client = Client::connect(&conn_string, connector)?;
    println!("Connection established");

    // Update a data row in the table
    let updated_rows = client.execute(
        "UPDATE books SET in_stock = $1 WHERE title = $2",
        &[&true, &"Dune"],
    )?;

    if updated_rows > 0 {
        println!("Updated stock status for 'Dune'.");
    } else {
        println!("'Dune' not found or stock status already up to date.");
    }

    Ok(())
}

tokio-postgres (async)

src/update_data.rs

use tokio_postgres;
use dotenvy::dotenv;
use openssl::ssl::{SslConnector, SslMethod};
use postgres_openssl::MakeTlsConnector;
use std::env;

#[tokio::main]
async fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
    dotenv()?;
    let conn_string = env::var("DATABASE_URL")?;

    let builder = SslConnector::builder(SslMethod::tls())?;
    let connector = MakeTlsConnector::new(builder.build());

    let (client, connection) = tokio_postgres::connect(&conn_string, connector).await?;
    println!("Connection established");

    tokio::spawn(async move {
        if let Err(e) = connection.await {
            eprintln!("connection error: {}", e);
        }
    });

    // Update a data row in the table
    let updated_rows = client.execute(
        "UPDATE books SET in_stock = $1 WHERE title = $2",
        &[&true, &"Dune"],
    ).await?;

    if updated_rows > 0 {
        println!("Updated stock status for 'Dune'.");
    } else {
        println!("'Dune' not found or stock status already up to date.");
    }

    Ok(())
}

The above code does the following:

Load the connection string from the .env file.
Connect to the Neon database using a secure TLS connection.
Use a client.execute method to update the stock status of the book 'Dune' to true.

Run the script using the following command:

Bash

cargo run --bin update_data

After running this script, you can run read_data again to verify that the row was updated.

Bash

cargo run --bin read_data

When the code runs successfully, it produces the following output:

Output

Connection established

--- Book Library ---
ID: 2, Title: The Hobbit, Author: J.R.R. Tolkien, Year: 1937, In Stock: true
ID: 3, Title: 1984, Author: George Orwell, Year: 1949, In Stock: true
ID: 1, Title: The Catcher in the Rye, Author: J.D. Salinger, Year: 1951, In Stock: true
ID: 4, Title: Dune, Author: Frank Herbert, Year: 1965, In Stock: true
---------------------

You can see that the stock status for 'Dune' has been updated to True.

Delete data

In your src directory, create a file named delete_data.rs. This script deletes the book '1984' from the books table.

postgres (sync)

src/delete_data.rs

use dotenvy::dotenv;
use postgres::Client;
use openssl::ssl::{SslConnector, SslMethod};
use postgres_openssl::MakeTlsConnector;
use std::env;

fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
    dotenv()?;
    let conn_string = env::var("DATABASE_URL")?;

    let builder = SslConnector::builder(SslMethod::tls())?;
    let connector = MakeTlsConnector::new(builder.build());

    let mut client = Client::connect(&conn_string, connector)?;
    println!("Connection established");

    // Delete a data row from the table
    let deleted_rows = client.execute(
        "DELETE FROM books WHERE title = $1",
        &[&"1984"],
    )?;

    if deleted_rows > 0 {
        println!("Deleted the book '1984' from the table.");
    } else {
        println!("'1984' not found in the table.");
    }

    Ok(())
}

tokio-postgres (async)

src/delete_data.rs

use tokio_postgres;
use dotenvy::dotenv;
use openssl::ssl::{SslConnector, SslMethod};
use postgres_openssl::MakeTlsConnector;
use std::env;

#[tokio::main]
async fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
    dotenv()?;
    let conn_string = env::var("DATABASE_URL")?;

    let builder = SslConnector::builder(SslMethod::tls())?;
    let connector = MakeTlsConnector::new(builder.build());

    let (client, connection) = tokio_postgres::connect(&conn_string, connector).await?;
    println!("Connection established");

    tokio::spawn(async move {
        if let Err(e) = connection.await {
            eprintln!("connection error: {}", e);
        }
    });

    // Delete a data row from the table
    let deleted_rows = client.execute(
        "DELETE FROM books WHERE title = $1",
        &[&"1984"],
    ).await?;

    if deleted_rows > 0 {
        println!("Deleted the book '1984' from the table.");
    } else {
        println!("'1984' not found in the table.");
    }

    Ok(())
}

The above code does the following:

Load the connection string from the .env file.
Connect to the Neon database using a secure TLS connection.
Use a client.execute method to delete the book '1984' from the books table.

Run the script using the following command:

Bash

cargo run --bin delete_data

After running this script, run read_data again to verify that the row was deleted.

Bash

cargo run --bin read_data

When the code runs successfully, it produces the following output:

Output

Connection established

--- Book Library ---
ID: 2, Title: The Hobbit, Author: J.R.R. Tolkien, Year: 1937, In Stock: true
ID: 1, Title: The Catcher in the Rye, Author: J.D. Salinger, Year: 1951, In Stock: true
ID: 4, Title: Dune, Author: Frank Herbert, Year: 1965, In Stock: true
--------------------

You can see that the book '1984' has been successfully deleted from the books table.

Resources

Next steps

Add Object Storage: S3-compatible file storage that branches with your database
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Search documentation

Neon Docs

Connect a Rust application to Lakebase Postgres

Connect a Rust application to Lakebase Postgres

Prerequisites

Create a Neon project

Create a Rust project

Store your Neon connection string

Choosing the right method to execute SQL commands

Quick comparison

Examples

Create a table and insert data

Read data

Update data

Delete data

Resources

Next steps

Neon Docs

Connect a Rust application to Lakebase Postgres

Prerequisites

Create a Neon project

Create a Rust project

Store your Neon connection string

Choosing the right method to execute SQL commands

Quick comparison

Examples

Create a table and insert data

Read data

Update data

Delete data

Resources

Next steps

Related docs (Languages)