Summary: Flyway database migration tool connects to a Lakebase Postgres database via a JDBC connection string, letting developers apply versioned SQL scripts and track schema history in a flyway_schema_history table. Use this page to install the Flyway CLI, write a flyway.conf file with Neon credentials, and run your first migrations against a Neon project. For applying the same migration workflow across multiple Neon branches or environments, see the companion guide on multiple database environments.

Learn how to manage schema changes in Neon with Flyway

Flyway is a database migration tool that provides version control for databases. It allows developers to manage and track changes to the database schema, ensuring that the database evolves consistently across different environments.

This guide steps you through installing the Flyway command-line tool, configuring Flyway to connect to a Neon database, and running database migrations. The guide follows the setup described in the Flyway command-line quickstart.

• A Neon account. See Sign up.
• A Neon project. See Create your first project.
• A database. This guide uses the ready-to-use neondb database. You can create your own database if you like. See Create a database for instructions.

1. Download the latest version of the Flyway command-line tool.

2. Extract the Flyway files. For example:

   cd ~/Downloads
   tar -xzvf flyway-commandline-x.y.z-linux-x64.tar.gz -C ~/

3. Open a command prompt to view the contents of your Flyway installation:

   cd ~/flyway-x.y.z
   ls
   assets  drivers  flyway.cmd  jre  licenses    rules
   conf    flyway   jars        lib  README.txt  sql

Add the Flyway directory to your PATH so that you can execute Flyway commands from any location.

bash

echo 'export PATH=$PATH:~/flyway-x.y.z' >> ~/.bashrc
source ~/.bashrc

zsh

echo 'export PATH=$PATH:~/flyway-x.y.x' >> ~/.zshrc
source ~/.zshrc

Find your database connection string by clicking the Connect button in the Console nav to open the Connect to your branch modal. Select the Java option from the Connection string drop-down menu.

Your Java connection string should look something like this:

jdbc:postgresql://ep-cool-darkness-123456.us-east-2.aws.neon.tech/neondb?user=alex&password=AbC123dEf

Important: Use a direct (non-pooled) connection string with Flyway. Neon's pooled connection uses PgBouncer in transaction mode, which doesn't support all session-level operations that schema migration tools rely on, so running migrations over a pooled connection can lead to errors. Make sure the hostname does not include the -pooler suffix (turn the Connection pooling toggle off in the Connect modal). See Connection pooling.

To configure Flyway to connect to your Neon database, create a flyway.conf file in the /conf directory. Include the following items, modified to use the connection details you retrieved in the previous step.

flyway.url=jdbc:postgresql://ep-cool-darkness-123456.us-east-2.aws.neon.tech:5432/neondb

flyway.user=alex

flyway.password=AbC123dEf

flyway.locations=filesystem:/home/alex/flyway-x.y.z/sql

Create an sql directory to hold your first migration file. We'll name the file V1__Create_person_table.sql and include the following command, which creates a person table in your database.

create table person (
    ID int not null,
    NAME varchar(100) not null
);

Run the flyway migrate command to migrate your database:

flyway migrate

If the command was successful, you'll see output similar to the following:

Database: jdbc:sqlite:FlywayQuickStartCLI.db (SQLite 3.41)
Successfully validated 1 migration (execution time 00:00.008s)
Creating Schema History table: "PUBLIC"."flyway_schema_history"
Current version of schema "PUBLIC": << Empty Schema >>
Migrating schema "PUBLIC" to version 1 - Create person table
Successfully applied 1 migration to schema "PUBLIC" (execution time 00:00.033s)

To verify that the person table was created, you can view it on the Tables page in the Neon Console. Select Postgres database > Tables from the sidebar and select your database.

Run another migration to add data to the table. Add a second migration file to the /sql directory called V2__Add_people.sql and add the following statements:

insert into person (ID, NAME) values (1, 'Alex');
insert into person (ID, NAME) values (2, 'Mr. Lopez');
insert into person (ID, NAME) values (3, 'Ms. Smith');

Run the migration:

flyway migrate

If the command was successful, you'll see output similar to the following:

Database: jdbc:postgresql://ep-red-credit-85617375.us-east-2.aws.neon.tech/neondb (PostgreSQL 15.4)
Successfully validated 2 migrations (execution time 00:00.225s)
Current version of schema "public": 1
Migrating schema "public" to version "2 - Add people"
Successfully applied 1 migration to schema "public", now at version v2 (execution time 00:00.388s)
A Flyway report has been generated here: /home/alex/flyway-x.y.z/sql/report.html

You can verify that the data was added by viewing the table on the Tables page in the Neon Console. Select Postgres database > Tables from the sidebar and select your database.

When you run the flyway migrate command, Flyway registers the schema changes in the flyway_schema_history table, which Flyway automatically creates in your database. You can view the table by running the flyway info command.

flyway info
Database: jdbc:postgresql://ep-red-credit-85617375.us-east-2.aws.neon.tech/neondb (PostgreSQL 15.4)
Schema version: 2
+-----------+---------+---------------------+------+---------------------+---------+----------+
| Category  | Version | Description         | Type | Installed On        | State   | Undoable |
+-----------+---------+---------------------+------+---------------------+---------+----------+
| Versioned | 1       | Create person table | SQL  | 2023-10-22 19:00:39 | Success | No       |
| Versioned | 2       | Add people          | SQL  | 2023-10-22 19:04:42 | Success | No       |
+-----------+---------+---------------------+------+---------------------+---------+----------+
A Flyway report has been generated here: /home/alex/flyway-x.y.z/sql/report.html

You can also view the table on the Tables page in the Neon Console. Select Postgres database > Tables from the sidebar and select your database.

Learn how you can use Flyway with multiple database environments. See Use Flyway with multiple database environments.

• Flyway documentation
• Flyway command-line tool
• Flyway command-line quickstart

• Django
• Drizzle
• Entity Framework
• Laravel
• Liquibase
• Prisma
• Rails
• Sequelize
• SQLAlchemy

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